Jumat, 05 November 2010

Merapi Volcano

Central Java, Indonesia

7.54 S, 110.44 E
summit elevation 2911 m
Stratovolcano

Merapi volcano is one of the world's most active and dangerous volcanoes. It contains an active lava dome which regularly produces pyroclastic flows. Eruptions occur at intervals of 1-5 years and are of low gas pressure. Since magma is poor in gas, eruptions are usually less than VEI 3 in size.

Merapi is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia and has produced more pyroclastic flows than any other volcano in the world. It has been active for 10,000 years.


Most eruptions of Merapi involve a collapse of the lava dome creating pyroclastic flows which travel 6 to 7 km from the summit. Some awan panas have traveled as far as 13 km from the summit, such as the deposit generated during the 1969 eruption. Velocity of pyroclastic flows can reach up to 110 km/hour. A slow up flow of andesitic magma leads to an extrusion of viscous magma, which accumulate and construct a dome in the crater.

Violent Eruptions at Merapi volcano
There is evidence that the current low level of activity may be interrupted by larger explosive eruptions. Eruptions of Merapi volcano during the 7–19th centuries A.D. were more violent than the past hundred years, and produced explosion pyroclastic flows. Widespread pyroclastic flows and surges traveled up to 25 km down the flanks of Merapi.

Scientists predict that the quiet of the 20th century will be broken by a larger
explosive eruption within coming decades. (Scientific report published in 2000).

2010 Eruption
Merapi volcano was raised to level 3 alert (out of a maximum 4) due to inflation and volcanic earthquakes on 21st October 2010. Sand miners were asked to stop all activity, and people advised not to climb the volcano.
Merapi volcano erupted on 26th October 2010 killing 34 people.

2006 Eruptions
Seismic activity began increasing at Merapi volcano in March 2006, and 10,000 residents were prepared for evacuation. On 10th April people were banned from climbing the volcano. On 12th April the Alert Level was raided from 2 to 3. An 8 km exclusion zone was placed around the volcano. On 27th April nearly 2,000 villagers were evacuated from Sidorejo and Tegalmulyo villages around Merapi volcano. On 13th May, the Alert Level was raised to the highest level 4, and about 4,500 people living near the volcano were evacuated. On 15th May pyroclastic flows traveled up to 4 km west. By 16th May, more than 22,000 people had been evacuated. On 8th June, the lava-dome growth rate at Merapi was an estimated 100,000 cubic meters per day, with an estimated volume of 4 million cubic meters. Pyroclastic flows and rockfalls decreased in frequency and intensity after 28th June 2006.

2006 Earthquakes
On 27th May 2006 a magnitude 6.3 earthquake killed about 5,400 people produced in a three-fold increase in activity at Merapi volcano. On 17th July 2006 a magnitude 7.7 earthquake hit 50 km south of Merapi volcano. The earthquake was the result of thrust-faulting on the boundary between the Australian and Sunda tectonic plates. The earthquake produced an 8 m high tsunami which hit the southern coast of Java. This event was classified as a tsunami earthquake, because of the low earthquake magnitude compared to the tsunami size. The earthquake caused 5,750 deaths, 38,560 injuries, and up to 600,000 people displaced in the Bantul-Yogyakarta area.

2001 Eruption
A major eruption began at Merapi volcano on 10th February 2001. A 30-minute-long pyroclastic flow occurred at 0200 hr. At 0330 hr there was a collapse of the 1998 lava dome which ejected ash 5 km above the summit and produced a pyroclastic flows that extended 7 km in the direction of the Sat River.

1998 Eruptions
Activity at Merapi volcano began increasing in July 1998. On 11th July 37 nuées ardentes occurred between midnight and 0500 hr. Between 11-19 July, 128 nuées ardentes occurred, including a strong pyroclastic ash and block flow at 1500 on 19th July.

1994 Eruptions
On 22nd November 1994, a large number of dome-collapse nuees ardentes were generated over a period of several hours at Merapi volcano. The nuees ardentes descended mainly the Boyong valley and the Bedog valley, a tributary of the Krasak-Kecil valley. This was in contrast to the 1984 and 1992 flows which traveled exclusively towards the southwest and west.

1986-87 Eruptions
Lava dome formation at Merapi volcano in 1986-87 was the largest since 1973.

1968 Eruptions
At the end of May 1968 a lava tongue had extended 875 m and was the result of new lava done extrusion after the 1967 collapse. The number of avalanches from the lava tongue were 1432 in June, 1370 July, 329 August, and 12 in September. Renewed activity began at Merapi volcano in October 1968 with an increasing number of lava avalanches.

1967 Eruptions
A lava dome extruded in April 1967 at the upper Batang River on the SW slope of Merapi volcano. The dome collapsed in October 1967.

1822 Lahar
A hot lahar at Merapi volcano on 28th December 1822 destroyed 4 villages with 100 casualties.
Merapi Volcano Eruptions

2010, 2007, 2006, 2001-02, 1992-98, 1972-90, 1971, 1967-69, 1961, 1953-58, 1948-49, 1944-45, 1942-43, 1939-40, 1933-35, 1930-31, 1924, 1923, 1922, 1920-21, 1918, 1915, 1909-13, 1908, 1906-07, 1905, 1902-04, 1902, 1897, 1894, 1893, 1891, 1889, 1888, ?1885, 1883-84, 1878-79, 1872-73, 1872, 1869, 1865-67, 1862-64, ?1854, 1849, ?1848, 1846-47, 1846, 1840, 1837-38, 1832-35, 1828, 1822-23, 1820-22, 1812-13, 1810, 1807, 1797, 1786, 1755, 1752, 1745, 1678, 1677, 1672, 1663, 1658, 1587, 1584, 1560, 1554, 1548, 7630 BC.

* Volcanoes of Indonesia.

source : http://www.volcanolive.com/merapi.html

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Jumat, 17 September 2010

Transportation System Today

TERMINAL

Function:
Place the beginning and end of transport operations
Venue change modes or routes
Facilities maintenance services and transportation means (vehicles & equipment)
Storage, distribution, and loading and unloading goods

Terminal Type:
Port
Airfield
Train Station
Bus Terminal
Container terminal
Pump station
etc.


CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Service Time
The smaller the better.
Example:
- Ships = 15% of the time (for winter maintenance)
- The plane flew = 30 - 60 minutes every 2 hours of flying (25-50%)
2. Facilities Provided
Depending on the type of traffic, for example:
- Transportation of goods: vegetables and foods need to place the cooling; liquid ingredients necessary pipes and pumps; bulk mining commodities need to belt motion; containers need cranes.
- Transport of passengers need lifts, toilets, canteen, break rooms, etc..
3. Inspection and Distribution Process
So smoothly, the current arrangements need to be efficient and be broken.
Example: the arrival and departure flow separation, separation place for an introduction and the examination of documents, classification purposes.
 PROBLEMS
1. Need for Integrated Plan
Cases often occur: first character of the local terminal planning & new expanded when needed.
2. Cost
Cost depends on mileage segment, the further the unit costs of increasingly expensive.
Cost depends on volume and number of terminal transportation.
Covers: the cost of unloading, warehouse rental costs, etc..
3. Land Use and Local Conditions
Terminal ideally as close as possible to the source of power trip.
Terminal face parallel to the road, performing at the crossings and congestion.

4. Environmental Impact
Terminal lead pollution: air, water, noise, and visual (waste gas, dust, noise and engine vibration)
Steps to reduce pollution: install anti-noise devices, etc..
 SAMPLE TERMINAL
1. Land Transportation Terminal
Includes: bus, train, or multi-modal.
2. Water Transport Terminals
Port: a sheltered waters, where ships could dock and load or unload goods safely.
Type of port:
Type of water (natural, semi-natural, artificial)
Purpose (military, fisheries, commerce, recreation)
Location (sea, lake, river)
Auxiliary port facilities:
breaking waves (breakwater), fastening the ship (jetti), anchoring the collision (fenders), cranes, railways, oil pipelines, etc..
3. Air Transport Terminal
The layout depends on:
- Configuration runway
single, parallel, intersecting, and non-intersecting, affect the capacity of aircraft operation.
- Flight operations control system
based on the vision / use instruments
Terminal region includes: the terminal building, aircraft parking area (apron), and aircraft hangars.
Facilities: visitor and passenger waiting rooms, passenger processing space, control tower, etc..

Size apron hanging:
- Size and number of gate position (loading area)
- Aircraft parking configurations (nose in, angled nose in, nose out, angled nose out, parallel)
- Parking system (frontal, open apron, finger system, satellite).
Aircraft parking configuration:
- Nose in & angled nose in.
advantage: the front door of the aircraft near the terminal building and the blast of heat from jet engines do not get into the building
losses: the back door with a remote terminal
- Nose out & angled nose out
reverse
Parking system:
- Frontal: simple and economical, limited to a small terminal.
- Satellite: suitable for a lot of aircraft, the cost of expensive.
4. Other Terminal
Examples: pump stations, terminals belt motion.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM OPERATIONS
Definition: Everything that relates to how to use or utilize the transportation system in fulfilling its functions and to serve existing demand.
Scope
Network utilization
Determination of the route, schedule, and frequency
Provision of capacity
How to make payment
Criteria to measure performance (level and quality of service)
Characteristics of Transport Services: Services of transport services can not be stored for use at another time.
 ROUTE DETERMINATION
Determining Basis
1. Service System
2 things that underlie the classification:
types of routes and travel (short distance, intermediate, or distant)
kind of operation / type stops (stop, skip-stop, express)
2. Concept Hierarchy Service
The need to develop transport systems in accordance with regional developments and the needs of the population movement.
Hierarchy of service (on the transport system already complete), aims to further optimize the function of each subsystem or modes.
The principle of hierarchy of service: a smaller transport into the feeder (feeder) to the larger transportation system.
Example:
In the urban public transport system:
Public transportation (low capacity) to serve short-range transport and serve the area whose needs are not too large (the edge of town)
Buses serve the transportation is quite far, but the need is not so great
Train (highest capacity) to serve transportation needs in the region is very high.
Route Type
The route is commonly used: radial, circumferensial / loop, tangential.
The length and location of the route:

Request
The location of the origin destination (O-D)
Availability of land
The cost of providing

 SCHEDULE & FREQUENCY DETERMINATION
Determining Basis
Depends on:

Existing demand
The nature of services performed
Type of operation time (day, only during rush hour, or on special events)
Control system of transportation systems

Schedule Type
Schedule and frequency:
Same all the time-
-Distinguished (with no busy rush hour, weekdays and holidays, etc.)
 PAYMENT DETERMINATION
Determining Basis
The principle of payment:

-Uniform (much closer together)
-Based on the distance
Based on the time-
Based on passenger-type

On systems that differentiate the tariff, the tariff is determined by:
Furthermore, the distance traveled, more expensive
-The more often people use the transport at any given time, more and more cheap
Payment Method
- Immediately before boarding the vehicle (manual or automatic)
- Subscriptions
The tariff should consider:
- The purpose of the provision of transport (the social aspect or profit-making)
- Large income users
- The existence of competition from other systems
 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
Parameters / indicators to measure the level of success or performance of the operating system:
1. The level of service, involving quantitative measures.
2. Quality of service, involves a qualitative measure.
 Service Level Factor
1. Capacity
: Number of passengers / goods that can be moved in units of time (person / hour or tons / hour).
For example:
- Passenger capacity in public transport: 4-8 orang/m2
- Ideal capacity road: 1000 - 1200 pcu / lane / hour
- Runway capacity: 25-50 operations per hour
Some ways to increase capacity:
enlarge the size, speed up the movement, tamp passenger / goods.
Restrictions should be noted:
space limitations, safety, comfort, etc..
2. Accessibility
Stating the ease of using a particular transport.
Transportation system should be easily accessible from various places and at all times.
 Service Quality Factors
1. Safety
Associated with control systems used.
2. Reliability
Related to factors such as time schedules and guarantee accuracy reached their destination.
3. Flexibility
Ease of change is in all things as a result of events that changed not in accordance with the planned scenario.
4. Comfort
Associated with the layout of seats, air conditioning system in a vehicle, the existence of special facilities (toilets, dining, operating times, etc)
5. Speed
A very important factor and is associated with problems of transportation system efficiency.
6. Impact
Environmental impacts (pollution, noise, vibration) to the socio-political impact.

TRANSPORTATION CONTROL SYSTEM
Definition: A set of rules / procedures which apply to vehicles & traffic to ensure safe operation and efficient transportation distinguished and prevent conflict.
Objective: Arrange to have the movement that occurred could always be controlled & run safely and efficiently handling, as well as a distinguished performance maximum.
Types of Conflict
- Physical Conflict
For example: the placement of a space inside of the same
- Conflicts of interest
For example: the desire to increase the speed as high as opposite dg businesses reduce accident rate
Elements Involved
• All the elements which form the overall system, the facilities, infrastructure, and human.
• Special Board tutelary:
• Police, DLLAJ, etc..
 TYPE OF CONTROL SYSTEM
Basic Principles
• Viewing & views
• Separation Dlm space
• Separation of inside of
Particular juncture, the three ways they will be retrievable & used combined together.
Equipment in use:
rules (written or ill), certain habits, codes or special signals.
Current control system is mostly done through modern communication tools, such as: radio, telephone, satellite, TV, etc..
See & be seen: Dg driver's ability to see a danger and avoid it.
Separation Dlm space: Creating a separation between the spaces to move.
Inside of Separation: Use a space / traffic lane in a non-regulated together / take turns.
 CONTROL LAND TRANSPORT
ROAD TRANSPORT
Signs & Markup
 The system which is simple enough.
 Represents reply messages to be conveyed KPD driver.
 reply message conveyed in the form of guidelines, restrictions, and information.
Traffic Lights (Traffic Signal)
• System controls at intersections to regulate the driver's turn through the intersection.
• Type:
• fixed time, semi-actuated, fully actuated.
• isolated, coordinated dg another intersection.
ROAD TRANSPORT REL / KA
The most extensive system, KA always be in control, dg by limiting the degree of freedom and avoid conflicts dg another vehicle.
Type of Control
 Manual / visual (pd control engineer)
 Manual / signal & block system (control & signal pd driver), also called Automatic Train Protection (ATP)
 Automation (semi / full), called the Automatic Train Operation (ATO) / Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) / Central Train Control (CTC)
Control Manual / Visual
Depends on driver vision 
 To KA dg low capacity & speed <70 km / h
Manual Controls / Signal
Using a semaphore / signal lights.
Aspect (position lights / signs & settings) and indication (reply message conveyed) is determined according to certain rules.
3 position base / light color:
vertical / green: clear
45 º / Yellow: approach
horizontal / red: stop
Can be combined dg block signaling system, where the path divided In some blocks
Minimum block length = stopping distance + level of safety
2 KA off-be in the same block
This combination can increase safety & capacity.
Type of signal
wayside:
 pd lane on the edge of the block
 cheap & simple
cabside:
Railway control room
barrier is independent weather & views
Automatic Control
Consisting of:
- Semi automatic control
only for the operation, controls up and down the passenger is still done by personnel.
- Fully automatic control
KA unmanned
Advantages:
Regular Schedule
Capacity increase
Energy consumption and spare parts down
Increased safety
Disadvantages:
Expensive cost
Could cause problems, especially in an emergency, so cut no contact between passengers & crew
 CONTROL OF AIR TRANSPORT
Objective: to determine the position and giving information of the danger area.
Control system is equipped dg sometimes sounds / signal whistle.
Navigation Waters
- Seabed depth maps,
to determine the shipping line ships
- Position the signs, lighthouse, etc..
help ships determine the position and warn of the danger zone
Radar (radio direction and ranging)
To control the distance and detect objects.
Principle: the electronic waves emitted by the transmitter which rotates, the wave will bounce when hitting an object and can be shown on the screen.
Radio beacons
Electronic device the most simple & most widely used.
The form of a directional antenna receiver dg.
Radio signal beacons can be received in a short distance - medium to 100 miles.
 CONTROL OF AIR TRANSPORT
It consists of 2 categories:
- Control the movement path
The position of the aircraft are monitored by the control station imaginable along the flight path.
- Control of the terminal
At the time of ride down passengers.
Beacon
The signs that must be followed and are usually required to control the movement path.
These include Automatic Direction Finding (ADF) / Distance Measurement Equipment (DME)
Instrument Landing System (ILS)
Landing system by using tools.
Form of signal / lamp should be followed at the time of landing.
Example: Approach Light System (ALS), Threshold lighting, runway lighting, taxiway lighting, light direction weather vane & landing.

 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT (CHAPTER 11)
 DEFINITION
Transportation System Management:
a process that not only improve transportation planning and traffic engineering of traditional, but also focuses on the establishment of a mobility, security, energy conservation, and protection of environmental quality through the application of scientific methods based on the principles of engineering and planning system.
Or:
Transportation System Management is a process that involves planning and operation of a unitary system of urban transportation.
 GOAL
Coordinate all travel through the operation of equipment, regulatory, and policy services, so as to achieve an efficiency and productivity of the transport system.
 GOAL
Conservation funding sources, energy, environmental quality and quality of urban life.

 IMPLEMENTATION MODES

Traffic restrictions (traffic restriction)
Traffic Control (traffic restraints)
Fiscal system / financial (fiscal measures)
Incentives (incentives system)
Improved transit service
Provision of facilities for cyclists and pedestrians
Provision / development of paratransit service
Traffic Management (traffic management

 Traffic Restrictions
Prevent vehicle traffic, to not enter, stop or cross the route / area.
Only targeted at certain categories of vehicles.
Example:
Closing the road is permanently or temporarily to all vehicle traffic
The implementation of the road pembuntuan
Prohibition of use of roads based on area or time
Restricted parking on the street or the elimination of parking on the street
 Traffic Control
Controlling vehicle traffic by applying a consequence for the use of transportation systems.
Giving users the option of transport to use the system with certain consequences or completely avoid its use.
Example:
 Distribution center area into several zones, with the application of one-way street system, and regulation of certain turns, that does not allow travel between the zones or traffic basis.
 Implementation of road pricing, by charging fees to users of the route / area of the solid.
Implementation:
toll road
application of screen-line pricing (charging fees on vehicles passing through the imaginary line that crosses all the existing corridor)
implementation of cordon pricing (charging fees on vehicles passing through the imaginary line around an area to be solid)
application of area licensing (a fee on vehicles entering into certain areas of solid)
 Implementation of parking control (parking control), to limit the total number of vehicles parking in the central area of activity, and to limit the volume of traffic in the city as a whole.
Implementation:
limit the number of parking lots and parking locations
restrictions on duration of use of parking
withdrawal cost of parking by varying levels based on time usage
parking restrictions only to certain road users
 System Fiscal / Financial
Associated with the application of tax to things that are directly related to transportation.
Example:
Application of vehicle purchase tax
Vehicle registration tax
Import tax kendaraan
Purchases of fuel tax
 Incentive System
Transport users will get the added benefit directly as a result of the implementation of the system.
Example:
 setting working hours in turns and the implementation of flexible work schedules, which will reduce the volume of traffic at rush hour.
 Implementation of policy on the operation of public transport.
Implementation:
 travel expenses that the amount varies according to financial ability of users
 implementation of a flat fare (cost is much closer together)
 the use of subscription cards with unlimited term
 free of charge for use of public transport
 Improved Transit Service
Because of the high cost of design and procurement of new types of transportation modes, the wisdom that is taken is still using conventional public transportation modes but with:
 Special Treatment
ie: giving priority to buses at intersections, the application of a special lane for buses, the implementation of opposing lane exclusively for buses.
 Provision of facilities for the convenience of users
eg: provision of facilities within the public transportation (air conditioning, telephone, newspapers & magazines, toilet), the provision of bus stops with completeness, the procurement of transit terminals, provision of facilities 'park & ride'
 Improved transport kapasaitas, using high capacity buses
 Provision of facilities for bicycle riders and Pedestrian
Provision of facilities for pedestrians (such as a special lane for pedestrians and pedestrian malls) will increase the flow and safety of pedestrians.
Special lane for bicycles will make no disruption to traffic wear bicycle, so that will improve safety for riders.

 Provision / Development Paratransit Service
Paratransit is like transit because the service is offered to the public, while the equation with a private vehicle because its operation is based on demand (do not have fixed routes and schedules)
Implementation:
 Implementation: car-pooling, van-pooling
 provision: taxi, dial-a-ride buses, bajaj, bemo, rickshaws, shared-ride taxis.
 Traffic Management
To improve traffic conditions and improve the efficiency of road section, so as to avoid the need for road expansion.
Implementation:
 traffic control, by the application of signal coordination, pavement marking, traffic control lights and perlampuan roads, will increase the security and the smooth movement of traffic on road networks.
 Setup traffic flow, to increase road capacity, especially during busy periods, without widening the road. Example: setting one-way street, the application path to change direction, the rules in turn, and specialism route to certain types of modes.
 Development of a minor on the road system, by canalization, widening the road and intersection design.

Assessment and Evaluation of Transportation System
Definition
Or research activities conducted in a thorough assessment of various aspects in an attempt to determine the feasibility of a proposed alternative transportation.
Results of assessment and evaluation:
recommendations on whether or not a proposal for further action
Intent
 The process of determining / selecting proposals / alternatives to be implemented.
 Determining the scheme or to recommend a suitable policy to be implemented.
Goal
 To produce the basic specifications of a proposed plan appropriate follow-up.
 To determine more precisely the level of feasibility of any alternative proposals from various aspects of the scheme under consideration, so that the determination / selection of the selected proposals will be more objective.
Type Evaluation
1. Evaluation of pre-implementation
Evaluation is conducted prior to the implementation stage of a proposed transportation system.
Purpose: To compare the performance of several proposed alternative transportation systems to be applied.
2. Evaluation of post-implementation
Is an evaluation conducted after the implementation phase of a proposed transportation system.
Purpose: To measure the performance of the transportation system that is applied whether they meet the criteria adopted goals and objectives.
Implementation feasibility evaluation applied to:
 Provision of new facilities
 Improving the existing conditions of transportation facilities
Evaluation Method
Several methods are commonly used:
 Policy Experts
 Ranking
 Economy
 Costs
1. Expert Wisdom Approach Method
Basic: Weighting subjectively by an expert on the impact of component (positive & negative).
Advantages: Requires less time and cost.
Weaknesses: the subjectivity of the dominant factor, thus greatly influenced the quality evaluation expert capabilities.
2. Ranking Approach Method
Basic: Weighting of the various impacts on a scale of ranking each criterion of quality performance.
Advantages: Being able to measure some components of the impact of different units
(Eg: the impact of the reduction of travel time, number of accidents, and increased land value due to the construction of a new road)
Weaknesses:
 In determining the value of each component
 In determining the comparative value of inter-component impact
3. Economic Evaluation Methods
Basic: Quantifying the impact of all components into the unit value of money or monetary amount.
Advantages: measurability of the performance of alternative transportation systems in quantitative monetary value
Weaknesses:
 In determining the value of some of the impact of conversion into money value
 The value of currency fluctuations that will affect the accuracy of evaluation
4. Method Cost Effectiveness
Development of economic evaluation methods by adding some criteria of the study "community effectiveness value" based on the level of an alternative utility to the community's wishes

Advantages: Able to measure the impact of a comprehensive alternative transportation system
Weaknesses: P erlu amount of data and cost is very large, long time, the conversion factor that will affect the quality evaluation
Scope

Technical Aspects
Socio-cultural aspects
Environmental Aspects
Financial Aspects
Economic aspects
Managerial and administrative aspects
Organizational aspects
Institutional Aspects

1. Review of Technical Aspects
The study:
whether the proposed alternative transportation is quite reliable, safe, and technically reliable.
Technical aspects are reviewed:
engineering aspects, operational aspects, and aspects of care.
Coverage of technical assessment:

Type the appropriate technology
Dimension, scale and shape
The location, configuration, and layout
Processes and procedures used
The level of effectiveness and efficiency
Level of durability and reliability

2. Social Aspects of Cultural Studies
Coverage of socio-cultural aspects of assessment:
 socio-cultural impacts of proposed activities on society and individuals involved in it
 socio-cultural impacts on the surrounding environment
Output:
 Recommendations on transportation alternative proposal can be diimlementasikan on socio-cultural conditions that exist today
 Anticipate what to do if the proposed alternative transportation will be implemented

Kamis, 02 September 2010

concrete technology

Concrete has a major role in the development bagin krena krenakan this in concrete having the characteristics suitable for use in building structures
Concrete-forming material:
Cement
Aggregate
Water
Additive
The types of cemen
Non-hydraulic cement
Hydraulic cement:
Natural cement
Cement pozzollan
Slag Cement
Hydraulic Lime
White cement
Cement alumnia
Portland Cement

Portland cement pozollan: Natural cement a majority (65% -75%) of hydraulic lime made from limestone
Pozzolan cement: material containing sillisium or aluminum that has no adhesive properties
Slag Cement: 'that the majority of the hydraulic cement comprises a mixture of uniforms, and, strong of slag tanus high limestone and chalk tahor
Pozzollan portland cement: a mixture of Portland cement and materials are pozzollan
White cement: Portland cement is a low iron oxide content of less than 0.5%
Almunia cement produced from the burning of limestone and bauxite

Lack of concrete
Less attractive force
Less elastic
Too heavy
Excess concrete
Press firmly on
Flexible
Can be made of lightweight concrete

Minggu, 08 Agustus 2010

According to the language of the alleged consumption is unearned as the basis or foundation of our thinking as it is considered correct, so assume it means something suspect, estimate, calculate, predict something happened with the foundation of our thinking from himself.

Often when there is an events around us then everyone will have their own assumptions click here for examples of assumptions

Everyone is free to have their own assumptions relating to the events around him, but as someone who is wise in trying to interpret an event must have everything that happens is the law of cause and effect

Senin, 05 Juli 2010

THE GREEN HILTON AGREEMENT (Geneva 1963).

donation from mr. Agus S. Djamil, may your deeds rewarded by God Almighty

By 1961, Keynes predictions of a world monetary crisis began to become a reality. This problem was brought about by the lack of sufficient currency (especially US Dollars) in world circulation to support the rapidly expanding international commerce. The World needed US Dollars beyond the capacity of the good faith and credit of the United States Taxpayer in order to facilitate trade. It was not possible to break the Bretton Woods treaty due to the possible damage of the stable core of the world’s economy as this had the potential of leading to another major war. To compound the problem, the majority of dollars in circulation were in private banks, multinational corporations, private businesses and individual bank accounts.

In 1963 the gold that had been entrusted to the care of President Soekarno was recalled by the Nations to underpin the issuance of further US Dollars in order to further facilitate international trade. Under this Agreement, Soekarno (as the International Trustee Holder of the Gold) began the process of repositioning the gold that had earlier been entrusted to the care of the Indonesian People, back into the banking system to create a fractional backing for the US Dollar. Initially this was managed under the arbitration of the Tripartite Gold Commission in The Hague as per the decisions of the International Community through their Government representatives at the Innsbruck/Schweitze r Conference and its later revisions. Under the agreement signed between President Soekarno and President John Kennedy, was that control of these assets would cede automatically to US upon the fall from power of President Soekarno. This occurred in 1967. The potential of this agreement led to Executive Order 11110 issued July 1963, which would have provided the Department of the Treasury the power to issue United States Dollars. Within two weeks after signing the Green Hilton Agreement which would have then enabled consolidation of EO 11110. Kennedy was assassinated a few days after his signing of the Green Hilton Agreement. With the death of Kennedy, the authority granted to the Treasury was never taken up.


Soekarno was awarded a 2.5% interest in the assets by the International Community in return for his services. He willed all the documents of guarantee and obligation to his Teacher ***** ***** ******** and his heir, ** **** *** ********. To this day, these agreements stand to be honoured (which was accommodated in full under the “RESPECTING THE RIGHTS TREATY (BANGKOK) 2003). The assets were placed into the International Collateral Combined Accounts that form the Global Debt Facility.
While an apparently innocuous document to read, in it’s proper and full interpretation, The Green Hilton Agreement is one of the most profound agreements made between Presidents of any two countries within the twentieth century, and most probably, in the history of the world, particularly so as this agreement was made between a President of the United States and the Trustee of the hidden, but combined wealth of the world. These assets are not the property of the United States, but centralized assets under the authority of a centralized system, to be used as independently deemed to be for the better benefit of the World.
DOKUMEN RAHASIA GREEN HILTON AGREEMENT

1961 - 1963 Indonesia Switzerland Gold Secrets

Documents dated 14NOV63 & 21NOV63 relate to gold wealth holdings of Indonesia Premier Soekarno named in the following two ( 2 ) displays of the "Agreement Green Hilton Memorial Building Geneva and Certificate Of Geneva" ( Switzerland ) also known as the "Green Hilton Agreement" ( GHA ) with notable variations within these fraudulent documents including counterfeit national seals ( America, Indonesia, and Switzerland ), counterfeit signatures, fraudulently mis-spelled names, computer generated graphic text with justified margins, and other document anomalies proving they were not generated and not signed during the period of 1963 but instead fraudulently manufactured for distribution to deceive others tricked into international advance fee fraud schemes.

source:http://www.wonosari.com/teras-nongkrong-f36/

Minggu, 04 Juli 2010

SESSION 2 ALGEBRA matrix and its properties

Matrix Definitions


2x + 3 Y + 2z = 4
x + y + 3z = 5
-X + 2y - z = 8


Various Kinds of matrix
Square matrix, when m = n, m = number of rows, n = number of columns
Line matrix, when m = 1
Column matrix, when n = 1
Zero matrix if aij = 0

click here to read more

How to manage the hotspot with NetCut BandWidth and AntiNetCut

One way to have free internet access is to take advantage of free hotspot services are now widely available in places or buildings of public / semi public, such as in malls, cafes, campuses, offices, etc.. For those who do not know what a hotspot and bandwidth please see themselves on wikipedia.org yaw ..!

accordance with the title of this post is way in the hotspot with a menage BandWidth NetCut then I will show you a trick or a way how to manage or control the bandwidth in a hotspot. As you may already know that the more people who access / use the internet in a hotspot area the more it will slow us work in donwload, upload or opening a web page. Why? because the bandwidth quota will be distributed to each person who accessed the Internet in the hotspot.

There is a software that we can use to control the Internet access a person in a hotspot. The name of the software is netCut, with netCut software you will have the authority to cut off Internet access to others who are in a hotspot network with you. So you can act should a server that could determine who should and should not be accessing the internet in a hotspot. That way you can master all the existing bandwidth quota, so you can more quickly open a web page and donwload or upload a file on the internet.Use of this software is very easy, you just donwload the software at HERE, and then restart the computer if you install and then run the software. When the software is run automatically the software will detect all of the computers that are online in the hotspot network that you are using (see picture above). To break the internet access hotspots such a person in a network, you simply select it and click the Cut-Off. If you want to turn off / cut off Internet access to all users in these hotspot areas including yourself, then decide to stay (Cut Off) its IP Gateway is in the right column.

Oh yes, if not wrong this netCut software can also be used in LAN networks, such as in a cybercafe. I myself have not tried it, so you try to own ya ..! and if so, do not forget to give a report here, Ok! ;-) Good luck, and good luck.

source : ilmukomputer.com

Accelerating the Internet Connection

When you browse or open a website on the internet somewhere from internet cafes or from home, maybe you often complain would slow access to display the website. Actually there are easy ways to improve the speed of your dorm access without having to pay more expensive. Some of them are with our set its browser, use OpenDNS and use Google Web Accelerator.
To apply the tricks are very easy. The first mode is set its browser can be done by the users of Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox. Internet Explorer users click the menu [Tools] [Internet Options], click the tab [General]. In option "Temperory Internet files", click [Settings] and then Drag the slider of his. It was to create a cache (temporary storage location) for your web open, otherwise provided approximately 5% of Hard disk.

For users of Mozilla Firefox you can type "about: config" in address bar. After that, change "network.http.pipelining" and "network.http.proxy pipelining" to "true", and the contents "network.http.pipelining.maxrequests" between 30 -100 (the greater the faster). Integer , tuliskan "nglayout.initialpaint.delay" lalu isi dengan 0." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The last right-click anywhere and select New-> Integer, write "nglayout.initialpaint.delay" then fill in with 0.
For the second trick, you must first register at www.openDNS.com. Then go to Control Panel from the Start menu, select Network Connections and select your connection and click properties. On the Internet you can select the protocol TCP / IP and click properties. Enter 208.67.222.222 and 208.67.220.220 on control options and restart your computer.
After doing two tips above you'll now get faster access speed. For those still not satisfied with the access speed can now use a trick to three of Google's Web Accelerator. Google Web Accelerator is specifically designed to speed up your internet access, especially those of you who use a broadband connection (broadband) such as Cable and DSL. For you who use other connections such as Dial-up (Telkomnet Instant or Speedy) and satellite or wave, Google Web Accelerator can speed up access.
To use Google Web Accelerator you must meet criteria such as your Operating System must be Windows XP or Windows 2000 and your browser must be Internet Explorer 5.5 + or Mozilla Firefox 1.0 +. If for any other browser actually can, but you have to configure the proxy settings of your browser by adding 127.0.0.1:9100 on HTTP. After you do the installation, Google Web Accelerator will display a small icon on the browser and the icon tray at the lower corner of the computer screen. You can download the Google Web Accelerator in http://webaccelerator.google.com.


Hopefully useful ....

Jumat, 02 April 2010

Maple 8

Maple 8 is a comprehensive computer system for advanced mathematics. It includes facilities for interactive algebra, calculus, discrete mathematics, graphics, numerical computation, and many other areas of mathematics. It also provides a unique environment for rapid development of mathematical programs using its vast library of built-in functions and operations.
For information to help you get started using Maple 8, and its worksheet interface, click one of the hyperlinks. You can also explore by clicking topics in the topic browser at the top of any help window



(sofware buat pengeditan dasar matematika meliputi aljabar , kalkulus , grapic fungsi dan lain lain )

Maple 8

Jenis-Jenis Hard Disk

Hard disk atau bisa disebut juga hard drive, fixed disk, HDD, atau
cukup hard disk saja, adalah media yang digunakan untuk menyimpan
file sistem dan data dalam komputer. Hard disk terdiri atas tiga
bagian utama, yaitu piringan magnetik, bagian mekanis, serta head
untuk membaca data. Piringan tersebut digunakan untuk menyimpan
data, sedangkan bagian mekanis bertugas memutar piringan tersebut.



Jenis hard disk bermacam-macam, tergantung pada kategori yang
digunakan. Misalnya, berdasarkan jenis interface-nya, tingkat kece-
patan transfer data, serta kapasitas penyimpanan data.
Jenis interface yang terdapat pada hard disk bermacam-macam, yaitu
ATA (IDE, EIDE), Serial ATA (SATA), SCSI (Small Computer System
Interface), SAS, IEEE 1394, USB, dan Fibre Channel. Jenis interface
menentukan tingkat data rate atau kecepatan transfer data. Misalnya,
hard disk SCSI memiliki kecepatan transfer ± 5 MHz, artinya mampu
melakuan transfer data hingga 5 Mb per detik.

baca lanjutan klik disini

Cara Mematikan Auto Play

autoplay , adalah suatu sistem dalam window yang berfungsi sebagai alat pembuka otomatis dalam window untuk memetikan nya lakukan cara di bawah ini

1 . klik run pada window start
2 . ketikan "gpedit.msc"
3 . lalu klik administratif
4 . klik system
5 . cari turn off autoplay klik 2 kali
6 . pilih all drivers
7 . klik ok

cara ini berlaku pada ME,XP . mungkin itu berguna bagi pemilik window